Rutherford believed that because the Hebrew name for God was Jehovah, God's people should be known by the same name. At a meeting of the renamed Watchtower Bible and Tract Society in Columbus, Ohio, in 1931, the name Jehovah's Witnesses was adopted and Rutherford became the group's president. Russell's religious movement floundered and fractionated until 1931, when Joseph Franklin Rutherford (1869–1942), a lawyer from Missouri, took over leadership. ![]() At the time of Russell's death, he had not appointed a successor. Russell had calculated and predicted that Jesus Christ would return in 1914, when God's direct rule would be established on earth and humanity would be restored to perfection. In 1881, as a result of his teaching and writings, Russell founded the Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society. ![]() Jehovah's Witnesses trace their historical roots to Charles Taze Russell (1852–1916) and the nineteenth-century North American Adventist movement (a group of Christians who predicted an imminent "second coming" of Jesus Christ). Historical Development and Organizational Structure This belief creates ethical questions and dilemmas related to patient autonomy, informed consent, advance directives, decisional capacity, surrogate decision making, professional integrity and promotion of patients' best interests, medical treatment for children, maternal–fetal conflicts, and the use of healthcare resources. Jehovah's Witnesses do not subscribe to " faith healing," and thus seek the assistance of modern medicine as needed, excluding blood transfusions. Some nonblood, transfusion-like replacement techniques and agents derived from minor blood fractions are left to individual believers to accept or reject. As a result of this doctrine, most baptized Jehovah's Witness believers refuse blood transfusions in their pursuit of medical treatment and healthcare. This religious tenet is based on a literal interpretation of specific passages in the Bible. Jehovah's Witnesses are members of a biblically based, semi-Christian religious denomination that forbids its adherents from accepting transfusions of blood and blood products. JEHOVAH'S WITNESS REFUSAL OF BLOOD PRODUCTS
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